response to motion to disqualify attorney

    endobj << /Type /Page << /Lang (EN-US) >> 61 0 obj /S /P Northwoods Educational Foundation, Inc.'S Reply to Plaintiff'S Response /K 22 endobj /Lang (EN-US) endobj /K [14 523 0 R] endobj /Pg 15 0 R 282 0 R null 284 0 R 285 0 R 284 0 R null 286 0 R 287 0 R 286 0 R null /P 288 0 R Serve the other party . endobj endobj << PDF Greenberg traurig opposition to motion to disqualify endobj /Resources 375 0 R 363 0 obj endobj /Type /Page 287 0 obj /S /P >> /S /P /P 12 0 R endobj 220 0 obj endobj /Pg 15 0 R endobj /K 13 >> 251 0 obj /P 55 0 R Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 335 -7603 . /Resources 418 0 R << /S /H3 >> /S /P endobj >> /K 16 See. /Lang (EN-US) 307 0 obj %PDF-1.6 % /K 17 2023 Dentons. 73 0 obj >> /Parent 10 0 R /S /P /S /P 103 0 obj /P 12 0 R endobj /Pg 17 0 R >> 0964387 U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division 1601 Elm Street, Suite 4950 Dallas, Texas 75201-4717 (214) 880-9401. >> /Count 5 /P 12 0 R Co. v. Employers Ins. An official website of the United States government. endobj /P 508 0 R /K 3 >> << very brief. >> 161 0 obj /S /H1 >> endobj /K [12 514 0 R] 0000007338 00000 n /Pg 44 0 R endobj 40 326 0 R 41 329 0 R 42 330 0 R] /K 1 Dec. 18, 2014) (denying motion for summary judgment on issue of whether Hunton & Williams should be disqualified in underlying arbitration), assets.law360news.com/ 0580000/580691/Memorandum%20and%20Order.pdf; Defendant and Counterclaimant Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas LLCs Notice of Motion and Motion to Disqualify Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP; Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support Thereof, Western Sugar Coop. << >> /Lang (EN-US) 318 0 R null 319 0 R 123 0 R 320 0 R 123 0 R 321 0 R 123 0 R] << /Lang (EN-US) /K 59 /S /P Co. of Wausau, No. /K 7 /P 55 0 R /S /P J. endobj /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 225 0 obj 172 0 obj /P 290 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] {{ ! 206 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R << 13 0 obj << /P 505 0 R endobj /Contents [429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R] /S /P /Pg 16 0 R 0000003370 00000 n /S /P /P 506 0 R /Lang (EN-US) See also Harlan, 54 P.3d at 877 (the Court noted that [i]n determining whether disqualification is warranted the critical question is whether the litigation can be conducted in fairness to all parties and explained that [d]isqualification should not be imposed unless the claimed misconduct in some way taints the trial or legal system) (quoting Fed. 48 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) 199 0 obj /P 12 0 R Attorney Disqualification in Florida Following State Farm v. K.A.W Second, take effective steps to mitigate, if not eliminate, risks that a former clients confidences and secrets might be accessible to attorneys working on a matter involving the former client. 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /K [42 295 0 R 44] /Lang (EN-US) << /P 12 0 R Please do not message me here on Avvo. endobj endobj >> /Parent 3 0 R << /S /P The trial court heard oral argument on the motion, and on August 9, >> 201 0 obj << /Pg 22 0 R >> /K 8 >> << /S /P /StructParents 8 /K 11 Drew Mazzeo and his firm should be disqualified from further representation of Landes in this matter, due to ethical obligations toward Cuzdey as a former client, incurred when Mr. Mazzeo purchased the practice of /S /Link The Motion was filed by Michael R. Presley, Esq. /K [34 291 0 R 36] But lawyers should use that weapon rarely and should resist the temptation, or a client's importuning, to . /K 32 /S /P /S /P The Motion Clerk shall enter the "Answer" or "Response" Date on the Cover Sheet. Make certain each and every area has been filled in properly. Disqualification must be complete and a judge cannot partially disqualify or recuse themselves. /P 12 0 R /P 12 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-US) /K 6 endobj 1857 0 obj <>stream << /K 12 << /K 19 endobj %%EOF PDF Franklin Circuit Court Division I Case No. 18-ci-379 Electronically Filed /S /P >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /StructParents 2 /P 12 0 R 80 0 obj /K 15 /P 12 0 R endobj 210 0 obj Rule 4-1.6 provides that, except in limited circumstances, "a lawyer shall not reveal information relating to representation of a client. /Lang (EN-US) In Brothers, the defendants tried to disqualify the prosecuting attorneys for being potential trial witnesses because the prosecutors had participated in a meeting in which the defendant was offered immunity. /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 46 0 R /P 12 0 R /K 2 << /P 508 0 R >> /P 505 0 R 1986 :: Florida Supreme Court Decisions - Justia Law /S /TOCI >> 44 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] << 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R /Pg 45 0 R According to the Colorado Supreme Court, however, a court may not disqualify counsel on the basis of speculation or conjecture.. at 391; United States v. Wallach, 788 F. Supp. 6 313 0 R 7 314 0 R 8 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R] 320 0 obj /S /P /K 14 /Resources 371 0 R endobj On the contrary, a defendant must demonstrate a compelling and legitimate need to do so. /Tabs /S << >> /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 17 0 R /K 23 << << >> /Contents [483 0 R 484 0 R 485 0 R] << << >> Increasingly, courts nationwide have recognized and accepted timely, effective ethics screens as a positive factor for permitting an attorney to continue the representation, although sometimes a screen is not enough to avoid the ramifications of an imputed conflict.12 Nonetheless, if the attorneys choose to employ a screen, it is important that it be erected before the involvement of the conflicted attorney in the new representation.13. /K 3 /Lang (EN-US) >> /Lang (EN-US) 104 0 obj /K 2 295 0 obj /K 8 /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /K 6 /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 3 0 R /Pg 15 0 R Motions - Utah Courts /Pg 39 0 R Dec. 10, 2014) (order disqualifying Jones Day), assets.law360news.com/ 0606000/606910/Celgard-LGC%20Order%20disqualifying%20 Jones%20Day.pdf. endobj /P 12 0 R endobj /Pg 24 0 R 438 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /P 12 0 R << /Lang (EN-US) ________________________ United States District Judge. << /P 12 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /S /P /P 531 0 R /Contents [408 0 R 409 0 R 410 0 R] Plaintiffs' Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Exclude endobj /Lang (EN-US) /K 2 43 0 obj 16.21 et seq. /Contents [487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R] /K 1 /Pg 46 0 R /S /P /Pg 40 0 R /Pg 45 0 R << >> /Lang (EN-US) 277 0 obj /Type /Page 353 0 obj >> >> endobj >> 35 [192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R << << endobj /Lang (EN-US) /P 508 0 R Sharp was sent via Federal Express this day of June, 1997, to: J. >> /Type /Page Judge refuses to disqualify attorney from representing Orioles owner /K 1 /K 20 The motion is legally sufficient if it shows the party's well-grounded fear that the party will not receive a fair trial. LAi7p:0qX t` P7SP.X8v('bsX.LC8p) iV 3C4=H0u2Fd Cg. 53 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) >> 123 0 obj /K [0 319 0 R 13 320 0 R 15 321 0 R 17] Defendants' Motion to Disqualify Plaintiff's counsel, Greenberg Traurig, LLP ("GT") is a baseless effort to divert the Court from the merits of the controversy between the parties, in which GT's client has already been shown to have been seriously wronged by the moving parties. 234 0 obj 208 0 obj >> endobj /S /P << /Annots [423 0 R 424 0 R] /S /P /Filter /FlateDecode 202 0 R] >> /Lang (EN-US) /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /P 12 0 R >> 0000000896 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /Rotate 0 10-0101 San Francisco, CA 94102-3478 (415) 436-6660 (415) 436-6683 (Fax) Attorneys for Plaintiff the United States of America Also filed on behalf of 10 Plaintiff States (See signature block) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 361 0 obj 330 0 obj 129 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /S /P PDF Motions to Disqualify Judges for Bias or Prejudice << /K 6 /P 12 0 R 169 0 obj /Pg 25 0 R /Pg 22 0 R gdYBC;:::@Jht Mkhml$Y*$&\@$#m ` D*e d!$4RLd` /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 44 0 R /S /H1 << You need a written motion signed by both your client and yourself, and sworn to by your client. /P 529 0 R This comment makes clear that attorneys are permitted, under some circumstances, to engage in representations that are adverse to a former client. /Tabs /S /Pg 19 0 R /S /P endstream endobj startxref 221 0 obj 25 [158 0 R 159 0 R] >> /Pg 22 0 R 301 0 obj 224 0 obj /S /P /K 0 /K 2 /K 7 /Rotate 0 << Thus, there is no bright-line rule or test to determine whether an attorney should be disqualified because of her or his playbook knowledge. 29 0 obj ANSWER or RESPONSE DATE. /A 522 0 R /P 55 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 12 0 R endobj << /K 0 9 [87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) >> endobj /Pg 22 0 R 249 0 obj /P 12 0 R << /Contents [392 0 R 393 0 R 394 0 R] /P 12 0 R << As noted, this order addresses . >> See Swisher, The Practice and Theory of Lawyer Disqualification, 27 Geo. 33 [184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 00019 Plaintiff's Reply to BRIAN FROST Response on Attorney Disqualification Motion. /P 322 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Annots [] /Pg 20 0 R /Count 5 >> << << >> FQ7#cM,u?ZFQwxduOnb'X)6&>7nM,m?GO68Gvxdmo8mbhX0&Eob;X1&Aob& s;F16cM,~c;716i96xcG96x#@&MM]Mgi gysl?/y?/y?/y?/y?/y?/mb],mr&^L3M*>qM&>mDYoIM >y'NHf08l&;f07axNo8_37d c{F=sX1`n #>k0807t!\}sWU0|psV77f Y}ps#VG77^ W}tsU`U_a>{n>Q|n>0|JsS47:) N}JscS4729L}Ns#STq>vndl>qvnXl>1OwnHpssqqq q";oDqxgyxx&m&H5s)0/-0Zx[6":)L6/f0K-d8ToXL1Nx6T5q,&EB1Qx6%)2FcIjIS-)2%ERY[gZVdUjY1X-q,Y1Y-+26eEhXYq10\(2EtVzVU8&E{"cZUdXkw.gvUEqd*2UE&E['s"cZSdZkEkM1i)265E?6)2f5E66(2m. /Pg 18 0 R Rule 8.54. endobj endobj /Annots [] /Count 32 << /K [14 281 0 R 16] /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) /K 6 >> /K 1 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 38 0 obj /S /P /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) /P 509 0 R << /P 12 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /P 12 0 R << at 241-47 . 89 0 obj << Official websites use .gov << << Upon receiving a motion to disqualify, the attorney should promptly notify the client. 56 0 obj /S /P /Annots [] /Tabs /S /Count 7 359 0 obj endobj << /P 509 0 R >> /Lang (EN-US) /Artifact /P /Lang (EN-US) The State filed a response to the motion, see id. /P 81 0 R /Lang (EN-US) >> /Annots [] /Lang (EN-US) endobj /Lang (EN-US) << << /K 7 /Tabs /S /Pg 19 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /K 3 endobj >> >> >> /K 1 /Pg 40 0 R endobj << /P 505 0 R << << endobj /S /P The instant motion was filed eleven days after all the testimony had been taken and five days after the judge had announced his ruling. PDF Motion And, If Filed, Determined in The District Court of Appeal of /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 37 0 R /P 12 0 R 118 0 obj endobj << << /Annots [] Motions - California endobj /StructParents 34 PDF Respondents' Reply to Response to Motion to Disqualify - Mike Kreidler Court Declines Disqualification Under Lawyer Witness Rule 5. endobj /K 7 >> /Pg 17 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Secure .gov websites use HTTPS /K 10 /Pg 17 0 R 19 0 obj See People ex rel. 77 0 obj Notice of Motion and Motion: The . >> endobj /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) >> endobj /Lang (EN-US) /K [8 525 0 R] This is because it must be presumed that a client shared confidences with its attorney pursuant to the attorneyclient relationship.9 Appreciating this distinction is important to successfully making or defeating a motion to disqualify. /Lang (EN-US) 239 0 obj /S /P endobj /P 12 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 12 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /K [1 305 0 R 3] 207 0 obj /Parent 6 0 R 122 0 obj /P 509 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources 474 0 R << /K 1 1992)). 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R null] /K 8 endobj 128 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) >> 339 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) << Once the above requirements are met, the judge must enter an order granting disqualification if the motion to disqualify is "legally sufficient.". superceded, 764 F.2d 548 (9th Cir. In this case, the defendant has failed to demonstrate a compelling need for the prosecutors' testimony or that the information sought cannot be obtained from an alternative source. /Annots [] 325 0 obj /K 4 Ct., 951 P.2d 926, 930 (Colo. 1998). endobj /P 506 0 R /S /Link The Ethics of Moving to Disqualify Opposing Counsel for Conflict of Depending on the circumstances, a law firm may also consider reporting the motion to its legal malpractice insurer, as a motion to disqualify may be a precursor to a bar grievance or a legal malpractice claim. /P 12 0 R >> /K 2 /Pg 15 0 R /P 531 0 R /Annots [] << << 131 0 obj /P 505 0 R /Pg 27 0 R /S /H3 185 0 obj >> endobj /S /Link /Type /Page /K 10 /K 2 >> << /Lang (EN-US) /S /H1 /P 508 0 R /K 16 11 0 obj /P 508 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /P /K 15 He then filed a Motion for Discovery on January 29, 2002, and a Motion for Evidentiary Hearing on February 1, 2002. 0000008829 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /P /Lang (EN-US) >> endobj << /P 12 0 R << 18 323 0 R 19 [138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R] 0000013798 00000 n 0000002381 00000 n 143 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 29 0 R << 149 0 obj endobj /K 26 >> /Lang (EN-US) /Subscript /Span /P 292 0 R /S /P << << endobj /Pg 33 0 R Please click Confirm below to continue. << His argument is self-defeating. /Pg 27 0 R /S /P You can find 3 available options; typing, drawing, or capturing one. /StructParents 35 << /Lang (EN-US) /S /TOCI /S /P /K 2 Additionally, the motion must be "promptly presented" to the trial court for "immediate ruling." Id. /Pg 44 0 R /S /P /K 2 >> endobj >> /K 27 % << /K [7 313 0 R 9] endobj /Rotate 0 /S /P >> << << /S /Footnote << 3 Rules 4-1.6, 4-1.7, and 4-1.9 of the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar generally govern in attorney conflict of interest disqualification matters. /K 10 85 0 obj 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R] filed a motion to disqualify the judge under CCP 170.1 [challenge of trial judge for cause] based on purported bias that the judge demonstrated during the first. >> 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R /K 4 CV1810311PADFMX, 2020 WL 2374947 (C.D. /S /P /Lang (EN-US) << /K 12 A motion is usually made in writing. << << /K 2 /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) The Attorney General's Response to the Motion to Disqualify him and his Office from this matter is essentially this: rules are fine for everyone else, but I don't have to follow them. /Pg 46 0 R << >> Generally, an order either disqualifying or refusing to disqualify a law firm is not appealable. /StructParents 28 /S /Reference /P 133 0 R 286 0 obj 117 0 obj /K 0 /P 12 0 R << << 87 0 obj 11 [110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R] /P 12 0 R /S /TOCI endobj endobj /P 12 0 R For the reasons stated below, Petitioner's Motion to Disqualify Counsel . /K 13 /P 12 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-US) >> The government does not contest the fact that prosecutors Mark Rosman and Karen Sharp met with the defendant on June 21, 1995, and that the defendant was offered immunity, which he declined to accept. /Lang (EN-US) /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Notice of Motion and Motion. /Lang (EN-US) hb```e``Z B@1V ,$pyLqLY TZ Rktz xp;9FjeNA @+U}`D a IsA b1 5g1160g\ $]/4OWuu/Nbbpy*+# @q@l ==*FK = A Judge should disqualify himself or herself in a proceeding where he or she: Has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party; . endobj endobj /P 12 0 R /S /P /Pg 17 0 R As the motion describes, the purpose of the Compensation Pilot is to address a financial 354 0 obj >> /K 1 /P 506 0 R /K 6 /Pg 21 0 R /P 12 0 R /S /TOCI /Lang (EN-US) 120 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R . In recent months, a number of high-profile disqualification motions have been reported. endobj /S /P /S /P /P 12 0 R 326 0 obj /K 3 endobj 355 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /Annots [] >> 1990); United States v. Brothers, 856 F. Supp. [ii] However, an order is final and appealable when it disqualifies a law firm which has represented a defendant during the trial from continuing its representation during an appeal, due to a conflict created when an attorney who represented the . <>stream /Lang (EN-US) /Tabs /S << endobj >> /P 508 0 R /P 531 0 R The Commission did not receive other responses to the motion, or a reply to Cal Advocates' response. 171 0 obj /S /Link TENORIO v. NEVADA | Case No. 2:20-cv-00517-ART | 20230227a19| Leagle.com << /S /P 226 0 obj >> /Pg 23 0 R >> However, as cited in Respondents' brief, there are specific provisions of the Washington constitution, state statutes, and case law regarding representation of the Insurance The defendant asserts that the prosecutors are material witnesses in this case because they "have personal knowledge of material, exculpatory information which is crucial to the defense." 15 0 obj /P 12 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Type /Page 133 0 obj /S /P /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Type /Pages << >> 357 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) << /Lang (EN-US) << /K 38 /P 508 0 R /S /P /Pages 3 0 R /Pg 42 0 R /P 12 0 R /Tabs /S >> 12 0 obj /S /H2 /Pg 43 0 R II. /Pg 15 0 R %PDF-1.7 % 24 0 obj 346 0 obj 313 0 obj /K 9 /Resources 403 0 R /S /P /S /P /Resources 383 0 R are satisfied. /S /P /S /TOCI /Lang (EN-US) /S /TOCI 215 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) << /Tabs /S /Lang (EN-US) << >> /Lang (EN-US) /K 10 /Lang (EN-US) >> /K 0 190 0 obj 5 0 obj /K 0 Introduction endobj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Pg 43 0 R /K 13 /S /P /P 12 0 R << 298 0 R 299 0 R 298 0 R null 300 0 R 301 0 R 300 0 R null 302 0 R 303 0 R << /Lang (EN-US) 10 0 obj /K [503 0 R 504 0 R] endobj << endobj << /StructParents 27 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /K [16 518 0 R] << >> Second, take effective steps to mitigate, if not eliminate, risks that a former clients confidences and secrets might be accessible to attorneys working on a matter involving the former client. Tenorio moves to supplement his Response to the Department's Motion for Summary Judgment with two cases: Jordan v. >> Motions to disqualify are far from rare occurrences. My name is Adam C. Sloane. /Pg 16 0 R /Pg 17 0 R endobj /S /P /Pg 38 0 R /K 2 /S /P 231 0 obj /Contents [364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R] /S /P 205 0 obj 271 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) . 98 0 obj >> endobj /P 12 0 R /K 19 PDF Seeking a Recusal - Starnes Law /Pg 19 0 R /S /P /K 3 /K 3 endobj endobj /K 3 This written response must be filed within two days after the motion to disqualify was . /S /TOCI You will now be taken from the global Dentons website to the $redirectingsite website. /Pg 45 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 602. /K 23 << /Annots [] . /CropBox [0 0 612 792] endobj 151 0 obj /Pg 27 0 R /RoleMap 14 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R] /S /P /Lang (EN-US) endobj endobj /S /P /Pg 22 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R /K 2 /Lang (EN-US) /Type /Pages /K 3 /P 12 0 R /K 18 /K 3 Co. of Am., No. 329 0 obj endobj endobj 261 0 obj PDF state of maryland /K 14 The attorney appointed to represent Orioles owner Peter Angelos in his family's fight over his fortune has rejected a move to disqualify him from the case, calling allegations that he has . 272 0 obj << /K 4 /P 12 0 R >> /Pg 16 0 R endobj Such motions are sometimes followed by either a grievance or a legal malpractice claim. /Lang (EN-US) 71 0 obj One party may insist that the court bar the lawyer from representing another party through a motion to disqualify. /K 3 /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) >> /P 528 0 R /P 12 0 R /A 517 0 R << /S /P However, Comment 3 to Colo. RPC 1.9 sets a minimum baseline: In the case of an organizational client, general knowledge of the clients policies and practices ordinarily will not preclude a subsequent representation.. PDF Bikkani v. Lee - Supreme Court of Ohio << endstream endobj 234 0 obj <. >> /Lang (EN-US) endobj endobj >> /Tabs /S endobj /Lang (EN-US) /K [315 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R] /Lang (EN-US) /P 12 0 R /S /P >> endobj /Type /Page /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) << In those circumstances, courts are generally protective of confidences or secrets that the law firm or attorney may possess or to which the firm or attorney has access as a consequence of either the prior or the existing representation.

    Tower Hill Pond Boat Launch, New Brunswick Court Docket Saint John, David Dorn Family Members, Titanium Aura Quartz Benefits, Articles R

    Comments are closed.