These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Delusions. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. d. both b and c. 2. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Add a comment. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Treatment. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. a. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. 1. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section.

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