measures instead of the continuous scales. They can support their partners despite the partners faults. 87-91, The aim of this study was to determine which attachment models prevail in married couples who choose to adopt a child. ____ B. I am uncomfortable Bartholomew devised both interview and self-report measures . Are you ready to take control of your mental health and relationship well-being? In this study, a relatively valid questionnaire to measure attachment style aiming the Iranian population was developed. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 367-399. https://doi . %PDF-1.5 % Measures of attachment: Do they converge? reply and a standard set of reprints and preprints. but in fact they seem to be only moderately related--at least as currently This study aimed at constructing a measure to assess adult. b`1 H - O It is very important to me to feel The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) was developed as a continuous measure of adult attachment. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Main, M., & Solomon, J. In addition, attachment is measured by dimensions, that is, anxiety and avoidance using continuous scores [7]. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. We In the eyes of a child with a fearful avoidant attachment, their caregivers are untrustworthy. Five hundred patients with DSM-IV or ICD-10 diagnoses of psychotic . Personal Relationships, 7, to return to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's writings for more specific Each asks individuals to choose a prototype that best . 25-45). They may struggle to feel secure in any relationship if they do not get help for their attachment style. Ablex Publishing. Background Attachment insecurity is a prominent risk factor for the development and course of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders. We encourage researchers interested (2000). Comparisons of Close Relationships: An Evaluation of Relationship Quality and Patterns of Attachment to Parents, Friends, and Romantic Partners in Young Adults. The RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment measure, Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire, and Collins and Read's (1990) Adult Attachment Scale. In the following section, we share with you 10 top-rated, validated, and widely used self-report attachment style tests. Crowell, J. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. The sample included 306 college students attending an urban university in the southeastern United States, Multiple regression analyses indicated that individuals with dismissive and fearful attachment reported higher levels of relational aggression, and individuals with fearful and preoccupied attachment reported higher rates of relational victimization as compared to those with secure attachment. Crowell, J. This self-report instrument is designed to assess adult romantic attachment styles. Attachment theory, developed by Bowlby to explain emotional bonding between infants and caregivers, has implications for understanding romantic relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol 61: 226-244. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. Dismissive individuals have learned to suppress their emotions at the behavioral level, although they still experience emotional arousal internally (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005). research on adolescent and adult romantic attachment, following the Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Brennan et al. For example, the general state of mind regarding attachment rather than how one is attached to another specific individual. On a 5-point scale participants rate the extent to which each statement best describes their characteristic style in close . In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.) Personal Relationships, 2, 247-261. They are often unsure of their feelings toward their romantic partner, believing that romantic love can rarely last and that it is hard for them to fall in love (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. 0 Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991 ), Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and other instruments mentioned above. laboratories. Brennan et al. Bartholomew and Horowitz proposed four adult attachment styles regarding working models of self and others, including secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful. ), Growing points of attachment theory and research. 44 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<399978FA29352BF21376BBF93EF7A583>]/Index[27 34]/Info 26 0 R/Length 86/Prev 72548/Root 28 0 R/Size 61/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/rsq.htm, Gender- Based Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Gender RSQ), Relationship Incentive and Threat Sensitivity Scales (RITSS), relationship structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-Short Form ECR-12, RELATIONSHIP-SPECIFIC LOVE ATTITUDES SCALE. Adults with a fearful-avoidant attachment style (also referred to as disorganized) hold a negative model of self and also a negative model of others, fearing both intimacy and autonomy. Baldwin and Fehr (1995) found that 30% of adults changed their attachment style ratings within a short period (ranging from one week to several months), with those who originally self-identified as anxious-ambivalent being the most prone to change. ____ C. I want to be completely In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds. for a more complete summary of current measurement issues in the field They also show moderate stranger anxiety; they show some distress when approached by a stranger. Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: when categorical measures of attachment are used. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, 270-280. The concept involves ones confidence in the availability of the attachment figure for use as a secure base from which one can freely explore the world when not in distress and a safe haven from which one can seek support, protection, and comfort in times of distress. They found that those securely attached as infants tended to have happy, lasting relationships. Here individuals can hold either a positive or negative belief of self and also a positive or negative belief of others, thus resulting in one of four possible styles of adult attachment. %%EOF HlMs0{b$6J3 (5Vbw,%~/Cg2VjWv]$IJ^u.B-O?lR*4nTX|3|I>B K[L8J`K.# vy\YC Background. John Bowlby (1969) believed that attachment was an all-or-nothing process. The social and emotional responses of the primary caregiver (usually a parent) provide the infant with information about the world and other people and how they view themselves as individuals. 1. Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). A partner with this attachment style may prefer to keep their partner at a distance so that things do not get too emotionally intense. In other words there will be continuity between early attachment experiences and later relationships. The Adolescent Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), a brief questionnaire to assess attachment characteristics in adolescents, was developed and validated in a large normative sample (n = 691) and a sample of 133 adolescents in psychiatric treatment. Correlations Tel. The chapters, in our opinion, are essential reading for anyone I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (3), 267283. I am comfortable depending on other people. Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Adult relationships are likely to reflect early attachment style because the experience a person has with their caregiver in childhood would lead to the expectation of the same experiences in later relationships. version of the ECR-R is available on-line at www.yourPersonality.net. by Crowell, Fraley, and Shaver (1999) and the article by Shaver, Belsky, Mary Ainsworth classified infants into one of three attachment styles; insecure avoidant (A), secure (B), or insecure ambivalent (C). Self-report questionnaires by definition employ simpler methodology than interviews. 0Hf*n'4#w1D Q a# of the four styles and the two dimensions that organize them conceptually The effect of single-parent family was also investigated. Horowitz (1991). Dismissive-avoidant adults deny experiencing distress associated with relationships and downplay the importance of attachment in general, viewing other people as untrustworthy. and Shaver, Belsky, & Brennan (2000). Avoidance of intimacy: ____ A. global factors--45-degree rotations of the familiar dimensions of Anxiety The RQ is a single item measure made up of four short paragraphs each describing a prototypical attachment pattern as it applies in close adult peer relationships. Autonomy and independence can make them feel anxious. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. See Fraley, Waller, and Brennan for more Scoring for the Strange Situation, The Effects of Childcare on Social Development, A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship, The Origins of Attachment Theory: Bowlby & Ainsworth, Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of the Strange Situation, How Attachment Style Changes Through Multiple Decades Of Life. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. In contrast, mothers who are less sensitive towards their child, for example, those who respond to the childs needs incorrectly or who are impatient or ignore the child, are likely to have insecurely attached children. to respond to all of the requests individually, and rather than allow I often worry that romantic partners won't want to stay with me. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds. ;:ArL@l=ly~H( Xhqb|v\InL`URL}@XiaQ *#: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 451-466. In other words, there will be continuity between early attachment experiences and later relationships. of the two kinds of measures with other variables are likely to differ, that included the Hazan/Shaver styles and added a second kind of avoidance Questionnaire methods were employed in this study. Kelly Brennan, Catherine Clark, and Phil Shaver (1998), Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R), Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). simplypsychology.org/attachment-styles.html, BPS Article- Overrated: The predictive power of attachment from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: General discussion. Adult Brennan, K. A., Shaver, P. R., & Tobey, Not surprisingly, having a Secure partner increases ones relationship satisfaction. The attachment style and related behaviors of ones partners were also found to impact ones relationship satisfaction. they are best conceptualized in terms of cognitive models of self and David Schmitt, together with a large number of colleagues, validated the attachment questionnaire created by Bartholomew and Horowitz in 62 cultures. However, significant three-way interactions were found that indicated dismissive and secure attachment style, as compared to other attachment styles, moderated associations between relational victimization and sexual behavior and that the strength of these relations differed by gender. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. The implications of this for therapeutic practice are discussed. relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew. An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures (2000) conducted the Adult Attachment Interview with young adults who had participated in the Strange Situation experiment 20 years ago. This review systematically explores research that has examined the relationship between clients' self reported attachment patterns and the therapeutic alliance. They tend to always expect something bad to happen in their relationship and will likely find any reason to damage the relationship, so they do not get hurt. The stability of attachment security David Schmitt, together with a large number of colleagues, validated the attachment questionnaire created by Bartholomew and Horowitz in 62 cultures. Roisman, G.I., Holland, A., Fortuna, K., Fraley, R.C., Clausell, E., & Clarke, A. London, England: Kingsley. The RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment measure Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire and Collins and Read's (1990) Adult Attachment Scale. endstream endobj 56 0 obj <> endobj 57 0 obj <> endobj 58 0 obj <>stream Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) assert . They may believe something must be wrong and may challenge their partner or create a problem to make the relationship more unsettled but familiar to them. The distinction of thoughts about self and thoughts about partners proved valid in nearly all cultures. 231-245. the patterns in dimensional terms, because Chris They display a readiness to recall and discuss attachments that suggest much reflection regarding previous relationships. : +4 0771 541 977; E-mail address: ina_for@yahoo.com 2015 The Authors. Bartholomew and Horowitz used this model to create the Relationship Questionnaire (RC). Fraley and Waller chapter reviews basic arguments, pro and con, for There are four attachment styles: Anxious (referred to as preoccupied in adults), avoidant (referred to as dismissive in adults), disorganized (referred to as fearful-avoidant in adults), and secure. Like the ECR, & W. S. Rholes (Eds. parents. Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) describe a four category model of adult attachment and have developed a brief self-report questionnaire to assess an individual's attachment style. Regarding the Big Five personality traits and self-report measures of attachment. A. E. (1991). 2. Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. with the exception of Bartholomew's peer/romantic interview, were not A Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). version of Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relation-ship Questionnaire (RQ). of Rejection and Abandonment). Child Development, 71 (3), 684-689. On-line Attachment Questionnaire (CRQ/ECR-R) (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) This web survey is a broad-based measure of attachment styles in close relationships. It is common for those with a fearful attachment style to have grown up in a household that is very chaotic and toxic. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds. 55 0 obj <> endobj BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of attachment style: An empirical rapprochement. One of the most important questionnaires in this field is the Hazan-Shaver attachment self-report [ 6 ], which focuses on adult romantic relationships. Fraley and Niels Waller (1998) have shown that there is no evidence issues in this domain. the kinds of "types" or "styles" identified by Mary Ainsworth in her Kobak, R., Cole, H., Ferenz-Gillies, R., & For example, the highest-level model comprises beliefs and expectations across all types of relationships, and lower-level models hold general rules about specific relations, such as romantic or parental, underpinned by models specific to events within a relationship with a single person. 2003 ). This is known as the continuity hypothesis. Hazan and Shaver (1987). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 678-697. getting close to others. Jaq36'(rs?r Proximity seeking is appraised as unlikely to alleviate distress resulting in deliberate deactivation of the attachment system, inhibition of the quest for support, and commitment to handling distress alone, especially distress arising from the failure of the attachment figure to be available and responsive (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003). Huang, S. (2022, May 24). HlS]o0}WkcoMSDNF|K! Yp|$giJi@I u][6z,%(QOIP+r(&b-D.z&K 4kX74ap9yMXpgi4c `:m7*{^ _d)2 K?[gF33P:CC9zRqJcC&)K(Ry Z> 8r:y@d;"R`1~n0/fBO/HpE:YzR(s_dtxda7]m.)"!s@'E-=k9n|ww:E!^( 5T*C'1PMv?Vmh$%La4v N{{X Waters, E., Weinfield, N. S., & Hamilton, C. E. (2000). Attachment-related anxiety, for example, correlates with various measures of Neuroticsm. Styles HlTn0+ k-iSiKC8_!iF0RfQ,LKj^z>(I-dN-Hq)C This scale consisted of thirty items to be rated on five-point scale ranging from Not at all (1) Rarely (2) Somewhat (3) Often (4) Very Much (5). This is not always because they want to, but because they fear getting closer to someone. tHF=8I{7=L+tL *IBGx theory (IRT) analysis of most of the existing self-report measures of Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. 434-465). They prefer to avoid close relationships and intimacy with others to maintain a sense of independence and invulnerability. and compulsive caregiving. Secure attachment is characterized by comfort and security in relationships. Bartholomew and Horowitz presented a model that identified four categories or styles of adult attachment. However, research has shown that there are individual differences in attachment styles. Ainsworths maternal sensitivity hypothesis argues that a childs attachment style is dependent on the behavior their mother shows towards them. Such findings suggest that attachment style assessments should be interpreted more prudently; furthermore, there is always the possibility for change and it even need not be related to negative events, either. In a 20-year longitudinal study, Waters et al. ), Affective development in infancy . not accept me. I want to merge completely with another person. emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant twelve specific-construct factors which, when factored, formed two more four type or style categories from the two dimensions, and the categories After techniques. that, as researchers, we should all continue to improve our measurement I am comfortable having other people depend on me. measure adds the dismissing-avoidant Metaphysics of measurement: The case of, http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/selfreports.htm, relationship structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), Relationship-to-Work Permeability Scale (RtWPS). I know that others will be there when I need them. zE,: '?I 4!1d7{ x=6yr[mT%X,(S[GOnF)W#m%UjfRH>^x3]mN(3f.K5l}b{" They found that 72% of the participants received the same secure vs. insecure classifications as they did during infancy. endstream endobj 33 0 obj <>stream Griffin D. & Bartholomew K. (1994). Main, Kaplan, and Cassidy (1985) found a strong association between the security of the adults working model of attachment and that of their infants, with a particularly strong correlation between mothers and infants (vs. fathers and infants). Baldwin, M.W., & Fehr, B. and the correspondence or non-correspondence between self-report and Like the RQ the RSQ can be worded in terms of general orientations to close relationships orientations to romantic relationships or orientations to a specific adult peer relationship. I dont worry about being alone or having others This supports the idea that childhood experiences have a significant impact on peoples attitudes toward later relationships. The nature of love. Waller, and Brennan (2000). Attachment styles refer to the particular way in which an individual relates to other people. of persons: How often do you eat . Google Scholar Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L.M. Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, Adult attachment styles derived from past relationship histories are conceptualized in the form of internal working models. ), Attachment theory and close relationships Styles C and D correspond to the preoccupied and dismissing-avoidant Guilford Press. It can be used to assess general orientations to close relationships, orientations to romantic relationships, or orientations. reporting extensive taxometric analyses on a large body of attachment (One asks about a person's Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. to get as close as I would like. The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS: Hazan & Shaver, Citation 1987) and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew and Horowitz, Citation 1991) are frequently used examples of this type of assessment. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The ECR-R is a 36-item self-report attachment measure developed by Fraley, In spite of inconsistencies with regards to the measurement and conceptualisation of attachment and the alliance, the evidence suggests that clients who rate themselves as having a more secure attachment pattern are likely to rate the alliance as stronger. A. Children with a secure attachment use their mother as a safe base to explore their environment. A fearful avoidant prefers casual relationships and may stay in the dating stage of the relationship for a prolonged period as this feels more comfortable for them. in romantic and other close peer relationships to continue to explore Measures of individual differences in adolescent and adult to be related to parenting (e.g., Rholes, Simpson, & Blakey, 1996; Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew 1994). In addition, our results support the notion that anxious attachment is not only associated with hyperactivating tendency during the appraisal of social threat, but may also involve an ambivalence influencing the judgments of both positive and negative information. Anxious (referred to as preoccupied in adults), avoidant (referred to as dismissive in adults), disorganized (referred to as fearful-avoidant in adults), and secure. I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44 (4), 245-256. at this time, we encourage attachment researchers to improve self-report A relatively stable disposition associated with distinct relationship needs and behaviors is the attachment style (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 . derived wish to know more about interview measures of attachment, most of which, Secure attachment is a type of attachment observed in the strange situation. The Guilford Press. Researchers have proposed that working models are interconnected within a complex hierarchical structure (Collins & Read, 1994). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Attachment styles and PTSD in adolescents in three Nordic Countries of early research that failed to find an association between the two A married couple with a secure attachment, generally, decide within a short time to adopt, while a couple with a worried attachment decide to adopt in order to obtain the stereotype of a traditional family, that is with children; a couple with a distancing attachment adopt but only if persuaded by others, after a long time and only as a last resort. Depending on Others) and Anxiety (or Fear of Rejection and Abandonment). ), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. A thorough review of the empirical literature on this topic can be found in Noftle and Shaver (2006). At the same time that these developments New York: E., & Wall, S. (1978). Therefore the theory might be an oversimplification. (1998) 36-item measure (including an 18-item scale to hbbd``b`$ H0oWA] QqD ljn@i#0xpd#iM + However, Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) identified distinct differences between the two categories. The feelings and behaviors in the context of romantic or other close relationships; The attachment style of an infant at the age of one is not necessarily the way it attaches at an older age (i.e. (1991) `Attachment Styles among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 226-244. Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. One important advance in the development of attachment questionnaires was the addition of a fourth style of attachment. Across different pieces of research, it was found that around 70% of the people had more stable attachment styles, while the remaining 30% were more subjected to change. The ECR-RS is a contextual self-report measure of attachment. of persons: Age structure of persons in the sample 0-9 5 10-19 40 20-29 20 30-39 20 40-49 10 50+ 5 (ii) Response to question 2: Response: No. "", In: Barone L. (edited), Iac Conference 2013, Medimond, Bologna, ISBN 978-88-7587-695-1, codice ISI WOS:000335751400016, pp. This is illustrated in Hazan and Shavers love quiz experiment. 0 On a 5-point scale ranging from "not at all like me . Keywords: attachment, adoption, models, IWM. %PDF-1.5 % In humans, the behavioral attachment system does not conclude in infancy or even childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(4), 530-544, ""Attachment theory describes how people emotionally bond with others, utilize their social interactions to regulate affective needs, and how they differ in their attachment style. There is evidence that attachment styles may be transmitted between generations. Bowlby, J. me to become emotionally close to others. into continuous scales. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Recently, clinicians and researchers have categorized attachment into four types: secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing [6]. Introduction According to attachment theory, early interaction between the child and the child's primary caregiver had formed some beliefs that are internalized and encoded as internal working models - cognitive/affective schemas, or * Corresponding author. of attachment, the controversies surrounding the use of types vs. dimensions, and how long these relationships can last, as discussed in earlier paragraphs about Hazan and Shavers (1987) findings. Figure 1. Advances in personal relationships, Vol. endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>stream The continuity hypothesis is accused of being reductionist because it assumes that people who are insecurely attached as infants would have poor-quality adult relationships. which converges into the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) [21]. Items for the VASQ reflected behaviors, emotions, and attitudes relating to attachment relationship style. publication of "Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process" Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 179-208. the stability of attachment depends on the stability of one's environment). into agree-disagree items, factor-analyzed the items, and turned them On a 5-point scale, participants rate the extent to which each statement best describes their characteristic style in close relationships. designed to measure romantic or peer attachment styles, see the review Influence of Adult Attachment Style on the Perception of Social and Nonsocial Emotional Scenes, Measuring attachment security directly: A suggested extension to the two-factor adult attachment construct, A systematic review of attachment and psychosis: measurement, construct validity and outcomes of the literature, The defining constituents of adult attachment and their assessment, Models of family attachment and choice of adoption, Associations Between Attachment Styles, Relational Aggression and Victimization, and Sexual Behavior among Emerging Adults, Two subjective factors as moderators between critical incidents and the occurrence of post traumatic stress disorders: Adult attachment and perception of social support, Adult attachment, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder, Distress and post-traumatic stress disorders in high risk professionals: adult attachment style and the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance, Distress and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in High Risk Professionals: Adult Attachment Style and the Dimensions of, Attachment Style With Mother, Father, Best Friend, and Romantic Partner During Adolescence, Emotional processing of infants displays in eating disorders, Links Among High EPDS Scores, State of Mind Regarding Attachment, and Symptoms of Personality Disorder, Comparison of self-reported attachment in young adults from Spain and the United States, Association between attachment prototypes and schizotypy dimensions in two independent non-clinical samples of Spanish and American young adults, Integrating Interpersonal Assessment and Adult Attachment Using SASB, Attachment, Contemporary Interpersonal Theory and IPT: An Integration of Theoretical, Clinical, and Empirical Perspectives, Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review, Physicians difficulty with emergency department patients is related to patients attachment style, Adult attachment as mediator between recollections of childhood and satisfaction with life, THE STRUCTURE OF PATHOLOGICAL NARCISSISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLES:: A Study of Italian Nonclinical and Clinical Adult Participants, Maternal attachment style and depression Maternal attachment style and depression associated with childbirth: preliminary results associated with childbirth: preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study from a European and US cross-cultural study, An adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised for use with children and adolescents, Psychosocial risk factors which may differentiate between women with Functional Voice Disorder, Organic Voice Disorder and a Control group, The relationship between attachment styles and Cluster B personality disorders in prisoners and forensic inpatients, Characteristics of Attachment Style in Women With Dyspareunia, Muted neural response to distress among securely attached people, Dialogue on adult attachment: Diversity and integration, Attachment Styles and Personality Disorders: Their Connections to Each Other and to Parental Divorce, Parental Death, and Perceptions of Parental Caregiving, Adult attachment styles and the psychological response to infant bereavement, Intimacy-Anger and Insecure Attachment as Precursors of Abuse in Intimate Relationships1, Attachment style impacts behavior and early oculomotor response topositive, but not negative, pictures, Attachment patterns are associated with symptomatology and course of schizophrenia in male inpatients, Attachment insecurity and psychological resources associated with adjustment disorders, Attachment styles and affect regulation among outpatients with schizophrenia: Relationships to symptomatology and emotional distress, Attachment Styles, Quality of Life and Service Satisfaction Outcomes in People with Schizophrenia in Israel, The Relationship Between Attachment and Psychopathy: A Study with a Sample of Violent Offenders, Childhood Emotional Abuse and the Attachment System Across the Life Cycle: What Theory and Research Tell Us, Intergenerational approach of attachment, the contribution of intimate marital representations, The Attachment Style Interview (ASI): A Support-Based Adult Assessment Tool for Adoption and Fostering Practice, Teenage pregnancy, attachment style, and depression: A comparison of teenage and adult pregnant women in a Portuguese series, Maternal attachment style and depression associated with childbirth: preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study, Understanding alexithymia in female adolescents: The role of attachment style, Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety, Adult attachment style.

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