Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1950s British Army Rhine Royal Artillery Soldiers sergeant officer etc 3.25*2.25 at the best online prices at eBay! Moody, Simon J. Imagining Nuclear War in the British Army, 19451989. this page. There have been two formations named British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). This page is a list of British Armies in WWII. It was also feared for a time that the skeleton FMC was in danger of being inundated, although it was sited on high ground. BAOR stands for British Army Of the Rhine. The second class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge, "Sparrow", was built by the 4th GHQ Troops Engineers on 27 March. [82][84], It was recognised in the planning of Operation Plunder that the maintenance of the floating bridges over the Rhine would require more engineers than could be spared from the campaign ahead. 1st/4th and 9th battalions of the Seaforths were with the Rhine Army in 1919. The Dumbo pipeline was extended from Boulogne to Antwerp in March. By 9 February sections of the Nijmegen-Kranenburg road were under 46 centimetres (18in) of water. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Its original function was to control the corps districts which were running the military government of the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany.After the assumption of government by civilians, it became the command formation for the troops in Germany only, rather than being responsible for . After some debate, the Combined Chiefs of Staff endorsed his strategy at the Malta Conference in January and February 1945. BRITISH ALLIES ARMY RAF. Its original function was to control the corps districts which were running the military government of the British zone of occupied Germany. By this time the system consisted of 1,811 kilometres (1,125mi) of pipelines and storage tanks with a capacity of 104,770 tonnes (103,120 long tons). The corps sometimes had to send their transport back to the army roadheads to assist when major operations were required. Chieftain: The British Army of the Rhine, provides a complete array of British equipment and maneuver units, from Chieftain and Challenger tanks through MCV-80 and Saxon APCs. Both formations had areas of responsibility located around the German section of the River Rhine. Due to the proximity of Rees, the VIII Corps Troops Engineers could not work on the "London" class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge until the afternoon of 25 March, and it was opened at 23:00 on 26 March. kat graham and ian somerhalder relationship; wet stone polisher harbor freight; how to transfer nft from coinbase wallet to metamask; colorado state university pueblo volleyball; platinum jubilee medal 2022 eligibility police; jay weatherill penny wong; They only operated until newly constructed bridges were able to take traffic, which occurred about 72 hours into the operation. [37] Operation Veritable was scheduled to commence on 8 February, but the date for Operation Grenade could not be set, as it depended on the capture of dams on the Roer further south by the US First Army. [44] The 25-pounders were each provided with an additional 1,471 rounds in addition to the 206 rounds per gun each regiment normally carried. Some of the ammunition that had earlier been dumped was to be made inaccessible by flood waters. A third bridge, "Westminster", was commenced by the 6th Army Troops Engineers on 26 March, completed at 18:00 on 29 March, and ceremoniously opened by Dempsey the next morning. [55], When the II Canadian Corps assumed control of the left sector on 15 February, No. The XXX Corps Troops Engineers commenced work on the "Lambeth" class 15 Bailey pontoon bridge at 15:00 on 24 March, but work was frequently interrupted by German fire, and the bridge was not opened until 08:30 on 26 March. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on The best introduction to the regimental system of the British army. [49] In the lead up to Operation Veritable, 446 special trains were run to the First Canadian Army railheads, delivering 349,356 tonnes (343,838 long tons) of supplies, of which around 227,000 tonnes (223,000 long tons) was for Operation Veritable. Part of Ministry of Defence. VIII Corps also used its own transport to haul ammunition for the crossing of the Elbe on 28 April. [80] Although working in the British Second Army area, they remained under the command of the US Ninth Army. In the post World War Two years Argonne Barracks became . This merely delayed work on the bridge, which was opened to traffic at 20:15. By 1945 the British Army was highly experienced, professional and proficient. British Army Germany, is the superior institution under which the remaining installations of the British Forces Germany are organised after the completion of the withdrawal of the British Forces from Germany in February 2020. Fourteen transport platoons,[53] each of which operated thirty vehicles,[54] were taken from the formations to serve the corps's needs. Stocking of No. Until the railway bridges could be brought into operation, maintenance depended entirely on road transport. The two corps stocked their FMCs by road, but the completion of repairs to the 1,222-metre (4,008ft) bridge over the Maas at Gennep by the 7th Army Troops Engineers on 20 March relieved the pressure on the one at Grave, and it became possible to move the railhead to within the No. After successfully carrying the Eureka torch at the show in November 2021, some of our Eureka and AB family will finally be able to join us for the first time since the pandemic struck in 2020. [51] Extremely cold conditions persisted into February, and the divisions were issued with Arctic clothing and equipment that had been stockpiled for operations in Norway. The extensive use of the German archives is commendable."--Ian F. W. Beckett, editor of Citizen Soldiers and the British Empire, 1837-1902 "Speiser provides a well-researched, lively account of how, not always successfully, after 1945 the British attempted to use their Rhine Army to win German hearts and minds. British Air Forces in Germany came under the command of RAF Germany. [38] Operation Blackcock, a preliminary operation to clear German forces from the Roer Triangle, was carried out by the XII Corps in January 1945. The British Army of the Rhine was born in 1945 out of the British Liberation Army at the close of the war as the military government of the British zone of occupied Germany. SALUTE South London Warlords. You can order records in advance to be ready for. A sweeping review of four hundred years of British army history. Please appreciate that the site as a whole is, and probably always will be, subject to "Work In Progress", "Page Under Construction", "Page Under Revision", etc. Tony Lord. Not only was the 21st Army Group fighting alongside the much larger American armies, it had to deal with a severe shortage of manpower. 166 FMC was developed from one formerly established there by the VIII Corps, although it had to be expanded as XXX Corps had over 200,000 troops under its command for Operation Veritable. [30] All movements were completed by the second week of April. Four trains a day passed through Gevrey-Chambertin, which handled 72,550 personnel and 4,035 trucks. Preparations were made to move it to a new site, but this was not required. As the Soviet threat increased, so BAOR became less of an occupational army and assumed the role of defender of Western Europe, and as a major contributor to NATO after 1949. The British presence was estimated to have been contributing 1.5 billion euros annually to the German economy in 2004. This annotated bibliography presents the best quality scholarship relating to BAOR, from its inception until its replacement under the conditions of the 1994 Options for Change defense review with the twenty-five-thousand strong British Forces Germany. [3] However, around 185 British Army personnel and 60 Ministry of Defence civilians will stay in Germany beyond 2020. Both were originally occupation forces in Germany, one after World War I, and the other after World War II. This was a problem as its special equipment was not stocked. [28] Advance parties from each formation involved travelled by air from Florence, but most Operation Goldflake units moved by sea. In February, a French fuel installation was opened at Douai, and this was used to supply the Royal Air Force (RAF) airfields in the vicinity. [6] What followed was a far more rapid advance than anticipated. REME Technical Services BAOR (British Army of the Rhine) 5 Infantry Workshop, Nijmegan Marchers 5 Infantry Workshop, Nijmegan Marchers Until the railway bridges could be brought into operation, maintenance depended entirely on road transport. They were also utilised for duties such as manning level crossings. These included 36-centimetre (14in) baulks and chesses that had originally been set aside for the construction of emergency bridges over the Thames. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. This freed the 9th Line of Communications Sub Area to participate in Operation Goldflake. Only the class 70 bridges would take a loaded tank transporter. Over the next 24 hours, 7,415 vehicles crossed the bridge. The 17th and 19th Line of Communications Sub Area assumed responsibility for the region around Lille, allowing the 15th Line of Communications Sub Area to move to the area between the Maas and the Rhine. Almost all BLA units were assigned to the 21st Army Group, which also included forces from other countries. The Mediterranean theatre was only able to provide two field bakeries. Its commander was the British commander of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). British Army Germany was formed in 2020 to administer the remaining service personnel, UK Civil Servants, and dependents (family members), based in Germany.[2]. Special arrangements were made to supply the Royal Air Force's Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation, which consumed 410,000 litres (90,000impgal) a night, and Gloster Meteor jet fighters, which consumed 14,000 litres (3,000impgal) of kerosene each day. Use the search function to locate the Order of battle by title or file name. Deliveries of ammunition averaged 4,800 tonnes (4,700 long tons) per day, peaking at 9,300 tonnes (9,150 long tons) on 25 March. Fifteen minutes after the glider landings, there was a resupply mission flown by 240 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers from the US Eighth Air Force. Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British Army and the British People c.18702000. Battle of Route Coloniale 4, 1950: Frances first devastat British Armed Forces, from the Glorious Revolution to Pres Communications, French Revolution to Present, Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, Jacques Antoine, Hungary, Warfare in Medieval and Early Modern, India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858, Japanese Army in the World War II Era, The Imperial, Justice, Military, the Anglo-American Tradition. [28], Originally scheduled to start on 12 January 1945, when the ground would have been hard and frozen and off-road vehicle movement possible, Operation Veritable was delayed for five weeks by the Ardennes Offensive. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [88][93], Dumbo surpassed its target of 1million imperial gallons (4.5million litres) (about 3,620 tonnes (3,560 long tons)) per day on 15 March 1945, and by 3 April the Dumbo lines were delivering 4,500 long tons (4,600t) a day. They had had better relations with the British than with the French, and they would have brought a measure of stability and prosperity in the difficult economic conditions of 1920s Germany. It was therefore decided that the floating bridges should be replaced by semi-permanent ones as soon as operational circumstances permitted. These two photos were taken in late 1956 by Lab Tech Cpl Peter Elgar: It closed in March 1994. Post war First Corps District administered Rhine Province and Westphalia. The BAOR was formerly armed with tactical nuclear weapons. Many had seen hard use in the Ardennes, where they had demonstrated their utility, and large numbers were in the REME workshops. The tracks of Sherman tanks were equipped with "duck bill" connectors to facilitate advancing across snow and soft ground. [2] Composition [ edit] The installations consist of: [3] Normandy Barracks, Paderborn Headquarters, British Army Germany: Germany Enabling Office (GEO); Germany Support Unit. The pipeline running from Cherbourg to Rouen was shut down on 9 January, which freed personnel to work on extending other pipelines. The 21st Army Group asked for four base supply depots (BSDs), six field bakeries, three field butcheries, a cold storage depot and two detail issue depots (DIDs). Not all general accounts of the postwar army have overlooked the services experiences in developing ground forces for nuclear war, however. The object sank after being cut loose during an attempt to recover it, and the swimmer was captured. The link was not copied. [95][92] To take pressure off the roads, the 21st Army Group placed an air composite platoon capable of receiving and handling up to 510 tonnes (500 long tons) per day under the Second Army's control. [36] Operation Veritable would be spearheaded by the five British divisions of Lieutenant General Sir Brian Horrocks's XXX Corps, and would form part of a giant pincer movement with Operation Grenade, which would be conducted by Lieutenant General William H. Simpson's US Ninth Army. British Armed Forces Special Vouchers B.A.O.R. Chandler, David, and Ian Beckett, eds. British logistics in the Western Allied invasion of Germany was the support of Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group and the RAF Second Tactical Air Force operations in the Second World War from 8 January 1945 until the end of the war in Europe on 8 May 1945. Red Sash Wargames Army of the Rhine - Ombre de Turenne SW | Toys & Hobbies, Games, Board & Traditional Games | eBay! Nearly 50 engineer companies, together with three road construction companies and 29 pioneer companies, were engaged in road maintenance. London: Bantam, 2009. Menu Search. Initially Goldflake convoys sailed to Marseilles by a direct route but after the Battle of the Ligurian Sea on the night of 17/18 March they were routed further south, through the Strait of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia. The four Army garrisons in Germany were under the direct administrative control of UKSC(G). On 16 April XXX Corps sent its road transport back to the Rhine roadhead to collect the ammunition it needed to capture Bremen. The second British Army on the Rhine was formed on 25 August 1945 from 21st Army Group. After the assumption of government by civilians, it became the command formation for the troops in Germany only, rather than being responsible for administration as well. LT COL Served from 1974 - 2011 Served in British Army of the Rhine. It was the largest concentration of British armed forces permanently stationed outside the United Kingdom. [42] The weight of shell employed would still be formidable; the fire plan still called for 6 tonnes (6 long tons) of shells to be delivered on designated targets, and some would receive up to 11 tonnes (11 long tons). 167 FMC, established by the XXX Corps which held only petrol, compo ration packs and ammunition. Ron. 15 Army Roadhead. Every available amphibious craft was collected, and they were joined by a Royal Navy contingent of 36 Landing Craft Medium (LCM) and 36 Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP) that were transported by road across Holland and Belgium to participate. Happily, we were posted to the British Army of the Rhine, in my case, to 282 (Welsh) Field Company, RE, in the 63rd (Welsh) Division. 29th Division Entering Cologne 13 December 1918 Q 7220.jpg 641 800; 48 KB. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Blaxland, Gregory. The great majority of Canadian requirements, including ordnance stores, ammunition, petroleum products, most engineer, medical and dental stores, rations, office machinery and other supplies, were provided through British channels. Information and history about the British Military Hospital in Munster along with photos of BMH Muster and the QAs. Corps Water Polo Championships, BAOR (British Army of the Rhine)Team Winners, Aldershot. Media in category "British Army of the Rhine". [11] Rhine Garrison, which principally comprised HQ British Forces Germany in the Rheindahlen Military Complex and Elmpt Station (formerly RAF Bruggen), also reduced in size; the HQ moved to Bielefeld in July 2013 and other units returned to the UK. Both were originally occupation forces in Germany, one after the First World War and the other after the Second World War. Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery's 21st Army Group consisted of the General Harry Crerar's First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey's British Second Army. The 690-metre (2,250ft) class 40 and 70 steel-piled jetty bridges were built at Arnhem by the First Canadian Army engineers, and opened on 31 May, and the 440-metre (1,450ft) class 40 and class 70 timber pile bridges at Zutphen were completed on 26 May. Store Equipment Fleet (Germany) store of vehicles and other equipment for exercises and operations around Europe. [18], The British Army Germany rugby union team regularly played games against emerging rugby nations like Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. [43] The ammunition dumping program was completed by 4 February, by which time 14,400 tonnes (14,200 long tons) of ammunition had been dumped at the gun positions, and 23,100 tonnes (22,700 long tons) at the XXX Corps and II Canadian Corps FMCs. It did not remove the need from road transport entirely though, and XXX Corps found that the First Canadian Army was unable to provide any additional resources. It was arranged that 40 tanks, 650 wheeled vehicles, 50 Bren gun carriers, and 3,700 personnel would disembark each day in Marseilles, where accommodation was provided for 10,000 troops in tents and 200 vehicles. Margaret Brown. For this the British Second Army deployed 1,520 field and medium guns, and the US Ninth Army had 624 field and medium guns. USA & International; 100 The next major operation was Operation Plunderthe assault crossing of the Rhine on 23 March. After the assumption of government by civilians, it became the command formation for the troops in Germany only . [44] For security reasons, troop movements had to be conducted at night. Blaxland 1971 and Mallinson 2009, for example, have produced histories of the army which are not entirely dominated by narratives of counterinsurgency campaigns. 14 Army Roadhead in the Sulingen area from No. To simplify storage and handling, only ammunition for field, medium and heavy artillery was held at the Canadian FMCs, ammunition for all other weapons was stocked at No. Another petrol depot arrived from Italy in April. [11] The first phase of this was the transfer of remaining stores to the advanced base. Both were originally occupation forces in Germany, one after the First World War and the other after the Second World War. Army of Occupation commanders.jpg 800 595; 155 KB. [61] Up to seven trains per day were required to move the ammunition from the advance base to the ammunition railheads at No. [77] A 370-metre (1,220ft) class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge was built at Venlo by the 15th GHQ Troops Engineers. The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total. After an advance which was thoroughly resisted, the British formations, along with the Canadians and Americans advanced into the German counties of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein . Similar Royal Air Force Germany, Royal Electrical and Mech, British Army, Royal Military Police, Army Air Corps. Foster. A German V-2 rocket scored a direct hit on the British POL installation at Antwerp on 19 January. [4] Its original function was to control the corps districts which were running the military government of the British zone of occupied Germany. For this the British Second Army deployed 1,520 field and medium guns, and the US Ninth Army had 624 field and medium guns. A thematic study on how the British Army imagined the use of tactical nuclear weapons in land combat. as (hopefully) more information is found or supplied. Their feeding was the responsibility of the German civilian population, but the British Army had to release a large number of NAAFI packs to displaced persons. [30], The two airborne divisions participating in Operation Varsity, the airborne operation supporting Operation Plunder, were initially supplied by the First Allied Airborne Army. [52], Special tracks were provided for the Bren gun carriers to prevent skidding on icy roads, but these had to be withdrawn when it was discovered that they caused excessive wear and tear on their suspensions. The second class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge, known as "Blackfriars", was built by the II Canadian Corps Engineers in 50 hours, starting at 10:00 on 26 March. An allocation of 300 tonnes (300 long tons) per day was made, but owing to competing American demands, the use of aircraft to repatriate liberated American, British and Commonwealth ex-prisoners of war (PWX), and a somewhat cumbersome procedure for requesting air deliveries, the tonnage of air freight never reached this level, averaging just 145 tonnes (143 long tons) per day for the month of April. To conserve scarce manpower, the British and Canadian forces employed mechanisation and materiel to maximum effect. . As the Soviet threat increased, so BAOR became less of an occupational army and assumed the role of defender of Western Europe, and as a major contributor to NATO after . [72][97], As the German forces crumbled before the Allied onslaught, the numbers of German prisoners of war grew to the point where orders were issued on 1 May that no more prisoners should be sent west of the Rhine. [74], The South Beveland Canal was opened on 19 February to allow inland water transport to reach the Dutch canal system when the western Netherlands were liberated. British army inner german border.jpg 1,941 1,368 . British Land Forces in Germany came under the command of the British Army of the Rhine. CONTENTS OF EMAILS MAY BE DISPLAYED ON THIS SITE (BUT IN AN ENCRYPTED FORMAT TO DETER SPAMMERS) TO BENEFIT HISTORY. This was after British forces personnel were scaled down over several years, with 19,100 in April 2010, and 2,850 in April 2019. zThis page represents the structure of the British Army in 1989, the last year of the Cold War. [99], On 4 May 1945, Montgomery accepted the German surrender at Lneburg Heath, which covered German forces in the Netherlands, Dunkirk, North West Germany and Denmark. [62], Once the link-up with the ground forces was effected, the 6th Airborne Division drew its supplies from XII Corps, while the US 17th Airborne Division drew its from the US Ninth Army. With some assistance from pioneers or civilians, each section could operate a petrol station issuing up to 45,000 litres (10,000impgal) per day. The War Office therefore created a new headquarters, called the 25th Garrison, to take over the RMA, and four new line of communications sub area headquarters, the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. The 5 miles (8.0km) of the Nijmegen-Cleve road was under 610 millimetres (24in) of water, and DUKWs were employed to move supplies forward along it to a "skeleton" FMC, No. The troops were located principally in the vicinity of Cologne at an approximate cost per month of 300,000. [30], A large force of engineer units was assembled for the operation: 37,000 British and Canadian engineers and pioneers, and 22,000 American engineers. [63][72] The seaborne tail of the 6th Airborne Division established a DUKW replenishment area west of the Rhine from whence supplies were moved until it could cross the river. [28], On 15 February, the region south of the Seine under British administration by 5th Line of Communications Sub Area and the 101st Beach Sub Area were reduced to the ports of Caen and Ouistreham and the depots around them, while that administered by the 9th Line of Communications Sub Area was handed over to the US Communications Zone, as was the region between the Somme and the Seine administered by the 6th Line of Communications Sub Area, except for the city of Amiens. Although only 3,600 tonnes (3,500 long tons) of petrol was lost, POL storage tanks capable of holding 10,000 tonnes (10,000 long tons) were rendered unusable. Barnett, Correlli. A smoke screen concealed preparations on the west bank of the Rhine. [47] Four main road routes were available for troop movements, utilising road bridges over the Maas at Grave, Mook and Ravenstein. Thank you. History of the british army of the rhine 06 09 14. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Learning and Adapting: The British Army from Somme to the Mexico and the United States, 18361848, Wars of, Semi-Military and Paramilitary Organizations, South West Pacific, 19411945, Campaigns in, Southeast Asian Military History, Colonial, Southeast Asian Military History, Precolonial. While it was under construction, the engineers came under attack by the Luftwaffe, and 8 men were killed and 22 wounded. [100], In the campaign in North West Europe in 1945, Montgomery sought to defeat Germany and ensure a prominent British role in the postwar political organisation of Europe. [41] Some 600 field and 300 medium guns would support the operation. Includes a chapter on the creation of the postmodern regimental system between 1945 and 1970 against the backdrop of postwar austerity and the consequent reorganization and amalgamation of many regiments. To secure the required transportation resources, eleven general transport companies, seven artillery transport platoons, a tank transporter company, a bulk petrol transport company, a petrol depot, a bridge company and an ambulance car company were transferred from Italy. 166 Field Maintenance Centre (FMC) at Veghel and the two Canadian FMCs at Wijchen and Oss. [1] It was established following the Second World War, the largest parts of it becoming known as the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) and RAF Germany (RAFG). [81] The XXX Corps plan called for the construction of a class 9 FBE bridge, a class 15 Bailey pontoon bridge and two class 40 Bailey pontoon bridges. [2] With the end of the Cold War, and the Options for Change defence review in the early 1990s, BFG as a whole was considerably reduced, with the British presence centred on the 1st Armoured Division, and supporting elements. Petrol, oil and lubricants (POL) was brought by ships and the Operation Pluto pipeline from the UK at a rate of 15,000 tonnes (15,000 long tons) per day, of which 3,000 tonnes (3,000 long tons) was over the pipelines, and delivered by barge and pipeline to the army roadheads. The high use of road transport meant that the British Second Army burned 7,600 tonnes (7,500 long tons) of petrol a day, but pipelines were laid across the Rhine at Emmerich and were in operation by the end of April. Expands. Originally scheduled to start at the beginning of January 1945, when the ground would have been frozen, Operation Veritable, the 21st Army Group's advance to the Rhine, was delayed for five weeks by the German Ardennes Offensive. The attacks resulted in the deaths of nine people, including three civilians, and many wounded. Depots and stocks remaining in the RMA were transferred to the control of the War Office. Nottingham. To provide them, beech trees were felled in the Fort de Soignes near Brussels. In a broader context, Barnett 1970 and Chandler and Beckett 2003 provide an essential overview of the experiences that have shaped the British Army over its long history. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 15 Army Roadhead opened in the Almelo area on 18 April and was stocked by road from No. A double issue of Expeditionary Force Institutes stores was made to all participating units. The remaining RAF forces in Germany ceased to be a separate command, and instead became No 2 Group RAF, part of RAF Strike Command. The Operation Pluto Dumbo pipeline was now in operation. [60], The engineer units in the XII Corps assault area were under 11th Army Group, Royal Engineers (AGRE), commanded by Colonel R. B. Britain and Her Army, 15091970: A Military, Political, and Social Survey. It took part in the Overlord invasion of Europe in 1944 and through to the end of war in Germany. The West German town of Bruggen, 55 miles (88 km) south of Dusseldorf, celebrated its 700th anniversary on Saturday (2 June) by granting the freedom of the city to a British Army unit which has been stationed in the town for 21 years. These were manufactured locally in Brussels and fitted in Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshops. Contents 1 History Positioned on the North German Plain, it is the command element of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG). As a result of this fire it was decided to remove camouflage from the oil storage tanks, because it was not effective against the V-2, and hampered fire fighting efforts. 166 FMC also held 200 rounds per gun of field, 175 rounds per gun of medium, 175 rounds per gun of heavy and 50 rounds per gun of super-heavy artillery ammunition. [12] The two central garrisons - Gtersloh and Paderborn - combined to form a single 'super garrison' called Westfalen Garrison in April 2014.

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