Har Gobind Khorana is the subject of a Google Doodle in honor of his 96th birthday. julia elizabeth khorana 4 Mar 2023. (Dayanand Anglo-Vedic) High School in Multan, in West Punjab. They have three children: Julia Elizabeth (born May 4th, 1953), Emily Anne (born October 18th, 1954), and Dave Roy (born July 26th, 1958). However, even though Arora-Khatri people are modern, they have a great affinity with their traditions and values. By 1966, it was complete. Fewer than five years later, Dr. Khorana made a second scientific breakthrough when he constructed the first synthetic gene, Google wrote. in Communications and an M.S. While on . Har Gobind Khorana, an Indian-American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize, is the subject of a Google Doodle honoring his 96th birthday. Har Gobind Khorana was an American biochemist who was born in India. 4-May-1953) What is the most evil you have witnessed? [Serious] : AskReddit Khorana's worked around the clock in double shifts to solve the code first. Year: View the profiles of people named Jlia Elizabeth. When he returned to his native place, he was unable to find academic work in Punjab's crony-filled colleges. Advertisement Further Reading on Har Gobind Khorana. He distinguished himself in both instances and graduated with honors for each degree. Har Gobind Khorana, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry emeritus, died on 9 November 2011. . Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 - 9 November 2011) was an Indian American biochemist. Official Publications from the U.S. Government Publishing Office. Dr. Khorana is now settled in America Dr Khorana attended D.A.V. Khorana attended the D.A.V. They have also lived in Webster, MA and Rockport, MA. Find out Har Gobind Khorananet worth 2020, salary 2020 detail bellow. Har Gobind Khorana, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1969 Julia Khorana Find Julia Khorana in Stow, MA and get their phone number, relatives, public records, and past addresses. Har Gobind Khorana, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology biochemist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for helping decipher the genetic code and went on to synthesize. Har Gobind Khorana was likely born to Krishna Devi and Ganpat Rai Khorana on January 9, 1922. The fundamental building block of DNA is the nucleotide. During a brief period in 1949, he was unable to find a job in his original home area in the Punjab. After earning a doctorate in organic chemistry from Liverpool University in England in 1948, he spent a year doing postdoctoral research at the Federal Institute of Technology in Switzerland, where he secretly took up residence in a laboratory until some financing came through. Har Gobind Khorana Bio, Early Life, Career, Net Worth and Salary He with his team mates made his Nobel lecture on 12 th December 1968. In 1952, Khorana married Swiss Esther Elizabeth Sibler. Dr Khorana: 'A loving father, a caring mentor' - Rediff A dude broke into a house in our neighborhood, tied and beat up the person living there (an 80 year old lady, living alone) and stole all her valuable stuff. Julia E Khorana, (978) 897-5124, Stow Public Records Instantly in Environmental Science, focusing on Conservation Biology. Julia Khorana - Address & Phone Number | Whitepages In addition to sharing the Nobel prize,[14] Khorana was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1966,[31] a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1967,[32] a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1973,[33] and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1978. His family was said to be his main source of strength, having moved around so much that he did not feel like he belonged anywhere. Julia Elizabeth, and a son, Dave Roy. During the following years, with Dr. Shrums inspiration and encouragement and frequent help and scientific counsel from Dr. Jack Campbell (now Head of the Department of Microbiology at the University of British Columbia), a group began to work in the field of biologically interesting phosphate esters and nucleic acids. This directory covers Elizabeth Khorana Julia received a BS degr Read More. #HarGobindKhorana pic.twitter.com/Ha998ZUc7I, Gautam Shah (@igautamshah) January 9, 2018, Khorana lived in many countries throughout his life. condolence message for friend father death anniversary. Esther brought a consistent sense of purpose into his life at a time when, after six years' absence from the country of his birth, Khorana felt out of place everywhere and at home nowhere. Unfortunately one of their daughters died in 1979. He has two daughters and a son named Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne and Dave Roy. at age 89. She died in 2001. His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was a professor emeritus. After the middle of the 1970s, his lab studied the biochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein that converts light energy into chemical energy by creating a proton gradient. High School in Multan (now West Punjab); Ratan Lal, one of his teachers, influenced him greatly during that period. Khorana felt out of place everywhere and at home nowhere. He was 89. Trusted by millions of genealogists since 2003. Julia later wrote about his work as a professor. julia elizabeth khorana. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. His work was recognised globally, and scientists to this day refer to his research. [15], In 1960 Khorana accepted a position as co-director of the University of WisconsinMadison's Institute for Enzyme Research[15][20] He became a professor of biochemistry in 1962 and was named Conrad A. Elvehjem Professor of Life Sciences in 1964. He also completed the total synthesis of functional genes outside of a living organism in 1972. He received his PhD in 1948 advised by Roger J. S. Join Facebook to connect with Julia Elizabeth and others you may know. and M.Sc. Mahan Singh, a great teacher and accurate experimentalist, was his supervisor. With the ceremony date fast approaching, a representative of the White House tracked down Dr. Khorana at a scientific meeting and told him he would be receiving the award. They had discovered the first triplet codon. Explained Encyclopedia.com, Four years after winning the Nobel Prize, Khorana succeeded in synthesizing the first wholly artificial gene. Dr. They have three children: Julia Elizabeth (born May 4th, 1953), Emily Anne (born October 18th, 1954), and Dave Roy (born July 26th, 1958). In 1952, Khorana moved to Vancouver, Canada where he took a job with the British Columbia Research Council. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Prize laureates. According to Al-Jazeera, this is one of his signature accomplishments. Har Gobind Khorana Biography . ago. Khorana instead sought a career in Canada and finally the united state. Birth Centenary: Prof Khorana: the Pioneer of Chemical Biology - Organiser If you have crammed the contents of a high school science textbook, Dr Khorana's name might fleet in and out of memory, along with the acronym RNA. In 1972, Khorana was also recognised for the construction of the first artificial gene, while four years later he announced that he had gotten an artificial gene to function within a bacterial cell, the site reports. Dictionary of Literary Biography 163. In an obituary for him, the MIT news office quoted his colleague Uttam Rajbhandary as saying Khorana was a very "modest" person. Zusammen hatten sie drei Kinder, Julia Elizabeth, geboren am 4. H. Gobind Khorana - Biographical - NobelPrize.org Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. They have three children: Julia Elizabeth (born May 4th, 1953), Emily Anne (born October 18th, 1954), and Dave Roy (born July 26th, 1958). [12][18] Khorana was excited by the prospect of starting his own lab, a colleague later recalled. His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was a professor emeritus. American Society of Clinical Oncology Position Statement - PubMed He married Esther Elizabeth Sibler, of Swiss origin, in 1952. . MIT Sloan Sustainability Initiative Director Jason Jay helps organizations decide on and implement their sustainability goals. H. Gobind Khorana,who rose from a childhood of poverty in India to become a biochemist and share in a Nobel Prize for his role in deciphering the genetic code Share . Julia Khorana Contact Information. The ability to synthesize DNA was central to advances in genetic engineering and the development of the biotechnology industry. In 2009, Khorana was hosted by the Khorana Program and honored at the 33rd Steenbock Symposium in Madison, Wisconsin. Again, this stay proved to be of decisive value to Khorana. The freedom that began in Canada at the British Columbia Research Council in the 1950's was instrumental to Khorana's later discoveries related to nucleic acids. His family was practically the only literate family in the village inhabited by 100 people, Dr. Khorana wrote. The remainder of his career was spent at MIT from 1971 until 2007, when he retired. The Khurana couple had three children Julia Elizabeth (1953), Emily Ann (1954) and Dave Roy (1958). Scientists realized that DNA and RNA were involved in amino acid assembly into proteins, but the exact processes by which it all worked were not yet known. His family was practically the only literate family in the village inhabited by nearly 100 people. Death: Immediate Family: Wife of Har Gobind Khorana, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1969. Julia Khorana @jkhorana Development Director of OARS: For the Assabet, Sudbury and Concord Rivers Joined April 2013 Tweets Tweets & replies Julia Khorana Retweeted Mass Rivers Alliance @massriversallia Aug 17 Tremendous win for protecting rivers, wetlands and # drinkingwater nationwide! Dr. Alok A. Khorana, MD | Cleveland, OH | Oncologist | US News Doctors The facilities were not expansive, but the researchers had freedom to pursue their interests. Falleci el 9 de noviembre de 2011 en Concord, Massachusets, Estados Unidos. "Even while doing all this research, he was always really interested in education, in students and young people." . Esther Elizabeth Sibler played great role in Khoranas life by strengthening his sense of purpose. As per our current Database, Har Gobind Khorana died on 9 November 2011(2011-11-09) (aged 89) Concord, Massachusetts , U.S.. Net Worth. " - . Detroit: Gale Research, 1996. In the weeks before he received the National Medal of Science, a stack of message slips piled up on his desk with increasingly urgent messages that the White House had called and that he should call back, Dr. Sakmar said. June 17, 2022 . Many hailed this synthesis as a major hallmark in the field of molecular biology. The nucleotides in DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases: thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. Would love your thoughts, please comment. Research > Last names starting with K > Keysar, Pat - Kible, James > Khopkar, Sheetal - Khorship, Saeed > Adit Khorana - Sneh Khorana The couple met in switzerland and they have 3 children their name are julia elizabeth, emily anne and dave roy. Their union produced three children, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy. His area of study was biochemistry. He developed a new method of synthesizing nucleotides, and achieved international recognition for synthesizing coenzyme A, which is involved in converting fats to energy. His lab included researchers from 27 countries with expertise in basic chemistry, molecular biology, enzymology and biochemistry, a multidisciplinary effort unusual for its time. They had met in Switzerland and had three children, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy. His family moved to British Columbia in 1952, where he married Esther Elizabeth Sibler. For his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis, Dr.Khorana, in the. View the profiles of professionals named "Julia Elizabeth" on LinkedIn. In 1960, he went to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where he became co-director of the Institute for Enzyme Research. His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where Dr. Khorana was a professor emeritus. Har Gobind Khorana, who rose from poverty in rural India to become a giant of modern biology, winning the Nobel Prize in 1968 . She managed to crawl out the window when the robber was distracted, limped over to her neighbor, and rang him out of the bed at 3am. . He won a scholarship from the Indian government and was able to complete his PHD in Organic Chemistry from the University of Liverpool in Britain. The man who formed a part of the team which successfully deciphered the genetic codethe mother of all codesHar Gobind Khorana was an American biochemist of Indian origins. Esther brought a consistent sense of purpose into his life at a time when, after six years' absence from the country of his birth, Khorana felt out of place everywhere and at home nowhere. [24] Subsequent scientists referred to his research while advancing genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 system.[23]. View Julia Khorana's business profile as Director, Development at OARS. of Wisconsin-Madison as co-director and chemistry professor in Institute for Enzyme Research. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The popularity rank for the name Julia was 106 in the US in 2020, the Social Security Administration's data shows Esther Elizabeth Sibler died in 2001. ago. Khorana died of natural causes on 9 November 2011 in Concord, Massachusetts, at hte age of 89 years. He retired from MIT in 2007. Khorana conducted research at universities in England, Switzerland, and Canada, and it was at the University of Wisconsin that he and two fellow researchers received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968, Google noted. She died in 2001, and their daughter Emily Khorana died in 1978. In 1952, he was recruited to the British Columbia Research Council in Vancouver to join a group working on nucleic acids. [26], Their Nobel lecture was delivered on 12 December 1968. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU genetically codes for serine and CUC codes for leucine. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/har-gobind-khorana-nucleic-acid-pioneer-4178023. Dave Roy, Emily Anne, Julia Elizabeth. They have three children, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne and Dave Roy. The mission of the Khorana Program is to build a seamless community of scientists, industrialists, and social entrepreneurs in the United States and India. Dr Khorana had three children: Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne (who died in 1979), and Dave Roy. Khorana died on November 9, 2011. In 1952, Dr. Hargovind Khorana married Esther Elizabeth Sibler of Swiss origin. Khorana was born in 1922 as the youngest of five children. Licenciado en Ciencias en el ao 1943, se doctor en Medicina en 1945 por la Universidad de Punjab. Dr. Nirenberg discovered the first word, UUU, the code for phenylalanine. His work unambiguously confirmed that the genetic code consisted of 64 distinct three-letter words. The association with Professor Prelog molded immeasurably his thought and philosophy towards science, work, and effort. If they synthesized RNA with three uracils together, the amino acids produced were always just phenylalanine. His research group availed themselves of his expertise to show which combinations of nucleotides form which amino acids. Biography:Har Gobind Khorana - HandWiki Khorana was an expert on the chemical synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Spouse/Ex: Esther Elizabeth Sibler (m. 1952) Children: Dave Roy, Emily Anne, Julia Elizabeth Early Life. According to DNAaftb.com, Marshall Nirenberg, Har Gobind Khorana, and Robert Holley shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine. An enduring legacy of education and opportunity | MIT News Get Full Access To Julia's Info. Julia Elizabeth Profiles | Facebook In 1960, he went to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where he became co-director of the Institute for Enzyme Research. Learn About Nucleic Acids and Their Function, Enzyme Biochemistry - What Enzymes Are and How They Work, Life and Work of Francis Crick, Co-Discoverer of DNA's Structure, Understanding the Double-Helix Structure of DNA, Amino Acids: Structure, Groups and Function, A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College. He will forever remain alive in our hearts. Find out Har Gobind Khorananet worth 2020, salary 2020 detail bellow. That used to be exciting," Julia said, adding, "He was a very enthusiastic person and that enthusiasm could be very contagious for people around him. In 1945, a fellowship from the government of India gave him the opportunity to study abroad. As per our current Database, Har Gobind Khorana died on 9 November 2011(2011-11-09) (aged 89) Concord, Massachusetts , U.S.. Net Worth. . At the University of British Columbia, Khorana and a group of scientists began to work in the field of biology. Khorana instead sought a career in Canada and finally the united state. In 1960, he went to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where he became co-director of the Institute for Enzyme Research. Along with others, he helped to explain the role of nucleotides in the construction of proteins. They had met in Switzerland and had three children, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy. Proud To Be Punjabis: Har Gobind Khorana - Blogger According to DNAaftb.com, Khorana went to Punjab University in Lahore and graduated with a Master of Science. Har Gobind Khorana | Notable People of Arora-Khatri Community The family lived in the United States of America. During his time in Switzerland, he met and married Esther Elizabeth Sibler in 1952. # cleanwater NRDC Water @NRDCWater Licenciado en Ciencias en el ao 194 Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne y Dave Roy. New York: Har Gobind Khorana, who rose from a childhood of poverty in India to become a biochemist and share in a Nobel Prize for his role in deciphering the genetic code, died on Wednesday in. Har Gobind Khorana died of natural causes in Concord, Massachusetts on November 9, 2011. The amino acid sequences of these proteins then solved the rest of the puzzle. 18+ 80+ Include past locations. They have three children: Julia Elizabeth (born May 4th, 1953), Emily Anne (born October 18th, 1954), and Dave Roy (born July 26th, 1958). Copyright @document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) AroraKhatri.com | All Rights Reserved by He used the fellowship to earn his Ph.D. in 1948 from the University of Liverpool in England. He had gone to University of Liverpool around 1948 and had done his studies at Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule in Zurich. Nationality: American Birth Date: January 9, 1922 Died At Age: 89 Sun Sign: Capricorn Born In: Punjab, India Spouse/Partner: Esther Elizabeth Sibler Children: Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, Dave Roy Religion: Hindu Died On: November 9, 2011 Place Of Death: Concord, Massachusetts, U.S. laboratory in 1976. Dr. Khorana became an American citizen in 1966. Le sobreviven otra hija, Julia Elizabeth, y un hijo, Dave Roy. "He clearly was a very loving father; at home all of us would have dinner together and we would talk about various things," a still shocked Julia, 58, told rediff.com days after her father passed away. In 1970, he became the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [8], Har Gobind Khorana was born to Ganpat Rai Khorana and Krishna Devi, in Raipur, a village in Multan, Punjab, British India in a Punjabi Hindu family. His wife was Swiss, and their children, of course, are thoroughbred Americans. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. References: 1. [34] In 2007, the University of WisconsinMadison, the Government of India (DBT Department of Biotechnology), and the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum jointly created the Khorana Program. Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011) | Science . During this time he worked on research involving both nucleic acids and phosphate esters. Khorana stayed in Vancouver for eight years, continuing his pioneering work on proteins and nucleic acids while raising two daughters, Julia Elizabeth and Emily Anne, and a son, D After marriage, the two were born three children named Dave Roy, Julia Elizabeth, Emily Etr. Julia Khorana is a Director, Finance & Development at OARS based in Concord, Massachusetts. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/har-gobind-khorana-nucleic-acid-pioneer-4178023. 1 Year B.Tech JNTU Unit 1 Heaven's Gate Hargobind Khorana PPT- authorSTREAM Presentation Gibson, Lois Rauch, and Madelyn Holmes. Born in British India, Khorana served on the faculties of three universities in North America. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966,[7] and received the National Medal of Science in 1987. [19] His work in British Columbia was on "nucleic acids and synthesis of many important biomolecules" according to the American Chemical Society. Even while doing all this research, he was always really interested in education, in students and young people, his daughter Julia Khorana said. How Har Gobind Khorana Changed Biochemistry Forever - Money Inc He received a scholarship to study chemistry at Punjab University, although he had been too shy to attend the required admissions interview. He became a naturalised US citizen in 1966. According to the Nobel Prize biography for Khorana, he was born of Hindu parents in Raipur, a little village in Punjab, which is now part of eastern Pakistan. In 1960 Khorana moved to the Institute for Enzyme Research at the University of Wisconsin. Nobel laureate Dr Har Gobind Khorana, who passed into the ages on November 9, took pride in mentoring younger scientists. Har Gobind Khorana is a Scientists, zodiac sign: Aquarius. Monthly rental prices for a two-bedroom unit in the zip code 01775 is around $2,120. H. Gobind Khorana, who rose from a childhood of poverty in India to become a biochemist and share in a Nobel Prize for his role in deciphering the genetic code, died on Wednesday in Concord, Mass. H. Gobind Khorana, who rose from a childhood of poverty in India to become a biochemist and share in a Nobel Prize for his role in deciphering the genetic code, died on Wednesday in Concord,. Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. faculty in 1970 and retired in 2007. He went to the University of Liverpool where he obtained his doctorate.. [15][16][17][12] The following year, he pursued postdoctoral studies with Professor Vladimir Prelog at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. AGE. Professor Har Gobind Khorana | Biographical summary In the 1980s Khorana synthesized the gene for rhodopsin, a protein involved in vision., #SevaParmoDharm Trust fondly remember DR #HarGobindKhorana on his birth anniversary, who won #NobelPrize in #Physiology in 1968 for his research of proteins, nucleic acids and artificial gene.#SPDTrusthttps://t.co/qJfIFTlOyK pic.twitter.com/kkZRHEsdlf, SPD Trust Udaipur (@SPD_Trust) January 9, 2018, Har Gobind Khorana was married in 1952 to Esther Elizabeth Sibler, who is of Swiss origin, according to The Nobel Prize biography. Biochemists American Men. This artificial synthesis paved the way for more advanced methods that would follow. At the same time, he ensured that his work didn't sideline his family life, Suman Guha Mozumder reports. While on . Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Kids. His survivors include another daughter, Julia Elizabeth, and a son, Dave Roy. It was the introduction of Khorana to Western civilization and culture. By some accounts, they were the only literate family in the area. He left an amazing trail of technical achievement, said Dr. Thomas P. Sakmar, a professor at Rockefeller University and a former student. Har Gobind Khorana is an Indian- American molecular biologist. Their work explained a number of facets of how the genetic code works. Har Gobind Khorana Biography . [20], Other honors included the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University and the Lasker Foundation Award for Basic Medical Research, both in 1969, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1971,[37] the Willard Gibbs Medal of the Chicago section of the American Chemical Society, in 1974, the Gairdner Foundation Annual Award, in 1980 and the Paul Kayser International Award of Merit in Retina Research, in 1987. He is known as the father of the first synthetic gene, as in 1970 he was the first to chemically synthesise oligonucleotides. Khorana was married in 1952 to Esther Elizabeth Sibler, who is of Swiss origin. Khorana also had a deep interest in nature and regularly went hiking and swimming. D. degree at the University of Liverpool. [9] The exact date of his birth is not certain but he believed that it might have been 9 January 1922;[10] this date was later shown in some documents, and has been widely accepted. He earned a number of honorary degrees from universities in India, England, Canada, as well as in the United States. RNAs with three repeating units (UACUACUA UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different strings of amino acids. Julia Elizabeth later wrote about her father's work as a professor: "Even while doing all this research, he was always really interested in education, in students and young people." Sat. https://www.thoughtco.com/har-gobind-khorana-nucleic-acid-pioneer-4178023 (accessed March 4, 2023). His research survives in the many new and wonderful findings of biochemistry and gene technology. [13], He attended D.A.V. Khorana passed away in November 2011 at the age of 89. On a government scholarship in 1945 he went to England and obtained . Har Gobind Khorana dies at 89; biologist, chemist won Nobel Prize Prof. Har Gobind Khorana was an India born American biochemist who won the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with other two scientists Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. When he had won the prize he was faculty at the University of WisconsinMadison. They also noted that some codons tell the cell to start making a protein while others tell it to stop making a protein. In the 1970's, Khorana's lab completed the artificial synthesis of a yeast gene. One merely needs to send the genetic sequence to one of the companies to receive an oligonucleotide with the desired sequence. They have three children: Julia Elizabeth, Emily Anne, and Dave Roy. His wife died in 2001. The second annual student-industry conference was held in-person for the first time. This was the turning point in his life. [11] He was the youngest of five children. You Are Here: ross dress for less throw blankets apprentissage des lettres de l'alphabet julia elizabeth khorana. The foremost was the aforementioned Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1968. Mai 1953; Emily Anne, geboren am 18. Nirenberg and Matthaei had created a synthetic RNA that always added the amino acid phenylalanine to a linked amino acid strand. Khorana made one of the most consequential advances in molecular biology by using a hybrid approach that employed organic chemistry to synthesize short sequence of a few nucleotides followed by the use of a copying enzyme to generate long DNA molecules with many repeating copies of the short sequence.

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